TNF: tumor necrosis factor
Both agents provided clinically meaningful reductions in HbA 1c (2.6 mmol/mol [0.2%] with SGLT2i and 5.4 mmol/mol [0.5%] with GLP-1 RA)
Powerful Antioxidant Support : Neutralizes free radicals, helps reduce oxidative stress, and protects your cells from environmental damage
Current studies suggest that peripherally administered GLP-1RA has low concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, and higher doses or improved delivery systems (e.g., nanoparticles, liposome encapsulation) may be needed to increase brain exposure
the best choice depends on your goals, other health conditions, and tolerability
This 2025 review covers how it works, dosage, benefits, side effects, and where to buy safely in the U.S