It wasn't always smooth sailing
This timeline can vary slightly, but it reflects what most patients experience
Furthermore, incretin-based therapies can also improve mitochondrial function and reduce apoptosis by increasing anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression and lowering pro-apoptotic BAX signaling, thereby promoting neuronal survival in dopaminergic cell lines ( GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide) and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists (e.g., tirzepatide) have been also reported to reduce microglial and astrocytic hyperactivation and suppress the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-, IL-1, and NF-B
GLP-1 agonist medications are typically not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to the limited data on its safety in these cases
NAION is the most common optic neuropathy in adults over 50, caused by hypoperfusion of short posterior ciliary arteries supplying the optic nerve, inducing swelling that creates compartment syndrome compressing neighboring axons, resulting in ganglion cell death
High blood sugar can contribute to weight gain and type 2 diabetes