Jamie Winn, PharmD, is a licensed pharmacist and seasoned medical content reviewer with over 20 years of experience in clinical pharmacy, patient care, and healthcare leadership
Tirzepatide represents a dual agonist, targeting both GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors, which may explain its enhanced efficacy in clinical trials
Uptake by vacuolation, and transport across the cell within vesicles, followed by exocytosis through the basal membrane, is a process taking place naturally for the absorption of nutrients into the rest of the body
(Johnson has learned that his body temperature runs a few degrees Fahrenheit lower than the average
GLP-1 Side Effects at a Glance Nausea & vomiting Constipation Diarrhea Reflux & sulfur burps Loss of muscle and lean mass Skin, hair, and nail changes Fatigue, depression, and the blahs Dehydration Less Common but Serious Side Effects Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer Gallstones & gallbladder disease Thyroid cancer Acute kidney injury Retinopathy, macular degeneration, and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) Common GLP-1 Side Effects and How to Manage Them Most side effects show up early, often within the first few days of beginning GLP-1 treatment
FIGURE 1 T2DM is a highly prevalent chronic disease in the world, and its incidence has increased continuously in the past few decades, which has become a major public health problem (Lovic et al., 2020