Genuine B12 supplementation is clinically indicated for vegans, older adults, people with pernicious anaemia, those on long-term metformin, and individuals with malabsorption conditions
High B12 from supplements or injections rarely causes concern
This makes it hard to draw firm conclusions about knee outcomes such as pain, function, or return to activity
Finally, since endogenous GLP-1 is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism both in the periphery as well as in the brain, compounds acting as GLP-1R agonists can also normalize mitochondrial function, which also appears to be repeatedly disrupted in the depressive brain and thus possibly exacerbate neuroprotective effects, e.g
Lindsey Bush, BA, MA, CPC, Production Editor, AAPC
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