By 5 mg, the sustained signal approaches the peak produced by a large meal. In diabetes trials, every dose improved insulin sensitivity while reducing the amount of insulin needed. GIP also activates an anti-nausea circuit in the brainstem, which helps offset some of the gastrointestinal burden created by GLP-1. GLP-1R: appetite, tolerability, and heart rate The GLP-1 arm carries appetite suppression, slower stomach emptying, most nausea, and part of the heart-rate signal
The Hospira label lists the preservative at either 0.9% (9 mg/mL) or 1.1% (11 mg/mL) depending on the presentation, with a pH of 5.7 in a range of 4.5 to 7.0
If you notice rubber fragments in your solution, discard the vial
Unlike oral supplements, which have to be broken down by the digestive system before they can be absorbed, the vitamins in these injections are delivered directly into the bloodstream
with epinephrine the ceiling rises to 7 mg/kg because local vasoconstriction delays systemic uptake
Manufactured in facilities with unknownor non-existentquality controls