Nayak, L
Melena causes Upper gastrointestinal tract causes may include: peptic ulcers cancer a Mallory Weiss tear, which is a split in the esophageal inner lining gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which involves the frequent backward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus, which can result in ulcers and bleeding cirrhosis, which is severe scarring of the liver varices Additionally, melena may stem from blood disorders presenting as excessive bleeding, such as hemophilia
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Generally safe options include acetaminophen, ibuprofen/naproxen (with food), guaifenesin, saline nasal sprays, sugar-free throat lozenges, and antihistamines
Under conditions of chronic energy flux constriction, compartment-specific regeneration efficiency may therefore become more relevant than bulk metabolite concentration
2009 Mar;60(3):50814