Mater Sci Eng R Rep
Standard capsules: Poor bioavailability much of the dose is broken down in the digestive tract before absorption, meaning a large portion of the labeled dose never actually reaches circulation Effervescent tablets: Better absorption due to how the effervescent reaction affects gut pH and dissolution speed, allowing more of the compound to be absorbed before breakdown Liposomal formulations: Glutathione encased in a lipid layer that protects it through digestion, generally showing the best bioavailability among oral formats Beyond format, consistency and timeline expectations are the other major determinants of perceived effectiveness
The mechanisms of protein-triggered GLP-1 secretion are less clear, but the amino acid proportion and composition appear important to the stimulatory effect
Therapeutic Targeting of the IGF Axis
Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 , 89028903, (2008)
Soetomo General Academic Hospital / Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, INDONESIA