Various topical, oral, and injection-based cosmetic skin-lightening agents with different mechanisms of action are used widely across Asia, including hydroquinone, azelaic acid, kojic acid, mulberry, alpha-arbutin, beta-arbutin, glutathione, licorice root, papaya, vitamin A (e.g., retinol), vitamin B (i.e., niacinamide), and vitamin C
The genetics behind thiol release is still poorly understood
Nephrol Dial Transplant (2014) 29 Suppl 1:i1924
PMC 7979486
Assays for activity towards lactose are performed in the same buffer containing 100 L of enzyme solution and 5% lactose, and the reaction is stopped by boiling for 10 min, and the concentration of glucose is determined using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase assay kit
Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with an increase in a number of cancers, likely due to an increased susceptibility to environmental toxins and carcinogens