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Funding This work was supported by grant from the Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research (PRIN-PRIN2012SNMJRL) to GDC and by grant from the Italian Ministery of Health (PROGRAMMA ONCOTECNOLOGICO) to DM (Fascicolo 15ONC/3/1)

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Preventing vitamin B 12 deficiency To prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency, vegans should take adequate amounts of vitamin B 12 supplements to make up for the shortage in their diet

studies demonstrate an upregulation of superoxide dismutase and a reduction of reactive oxygen species in treated skin cells

This exacerbates lipid peroxidation, drives excessive ROS accumulation and neuroinflammation, and ultimately triggers ferroptosis, resulting in irreversible neuronal damage and neurotoxicity (Chen et al., 2025a)