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The timeline: what to expect and when Based on practitioner reports and the available clinical data, here is what the general timeline looks like for GLP-1 microdosing in autoimmune conditions
Abbreviations [Ca 2+ ] i : Intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ER: Endoplasmic reticulum GCG: Glucagon GCGR: Glucagon receptor GIP: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GIPR: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion HFD: High-fat diet LFD: Normal chow diet KO: Knockout nt: Nucleotide PKC: Protein kinase C PLC: Phospholipase C TPPO: Triphenylphosphine oxide TRPM5: Transient receptor potential melastatin 5 WT: Wild-type References Finan B, Yang B, Ottaway N et al (2015) A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodents
The review was published on a full-text open access basis in the January 2026 issue of the journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism
Li Y, Liu X, Wan L, Han B, Ma S, Pan H, et al
A., Kushner, R
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