A phase 2 randomised controlled trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine (2023) reported substantial weight loss and improvements in glycaemic parameters, though the trial was conducted in a closely monitored clinical setting with defined eligibility criteria
The dividing line is absorption, not severity
When HbA1c is considered unreliable, UK and WHO guidance recommends using fasting plasma glucose or a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis or assessment, as outlined in WHO 2011 guidance on the use of HbA1c in diabetes diagnosis and reflected in NICE NG28 (Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Management)
It does this by supporting red blood cell production improving oxygen delivery throughout the body
Protect from Light and Air: Some peptides (especially those with amino acids like tryptophan, cysteine, or methionine) are light-sensitive or oxygen-sensitive
Oral B12 cannot get into the bloodstream in normal doses