Autophagy as a promoter of longevity: insights from model organisms
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doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 20 American Diabetes Association
The age-related decline in neuromodulator levels, combined with the lack of significant learning and memory effects from PXN LOW in aged animals (though a trend was noted, P = 0.07), may explain the reduced cognitive benefits of both caffeine and paraxanthine in older individuals
If you have additional risk factors (PCOS with 50% lower glutathione, IVF with 70-83% depleted antioxidants, gallbladder issues, choline deficiency), your effective "safe" dose may be significantly lower
P450 enzymes are responsible for the oxidation of toxic compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier for the body to excrete