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Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolite DIM exert hormone-modulatory effects by shifting estrogen metabolism from the genotoxic 16-hydroxyestrone pathway toward the less carcinogenic 2-hydroxyestrone pathway, enhancing CYP1A1/1A2 activity, and simultaneously downregulating ER and upregulating ER expression, which together lead to suppression of estrogen-driven proliferation and sensitization of tumours to endocrine therapies (191)
IV and insufflation (blown into the ear, nose, or rectum) treatments are available
These properties may support recovery from intense training , surgery, or illness
Disruption of this inhibitory interaction allows increased nitric oxide production, which is relevant to endothelial signaling and vascular responsiveness in experimental systems [3]
What we know NAD biology is well-established, and early human studies show that increasing NAD availability can influence metabolic and mitochondrial markers
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