FIGURE 2 : Schematic demonstrating the link between food intake, gut-derived hormones, and bone health
These mechanistic perspectives provide potential explanations for some of the clinical improvements seen and illustrate the various pathways through which FMT might exert its effects on disease processes
Several studies demonstrated that GIP acts as an insulin sensitizer in adipocytes and disruption of the GIP/GIP-R axis has been reported in insulin-resistant states such as obesity 50,51
Over time, this chronic depletion also forces the body to break down skeletal muscle tissue to harvest stored glutamine, leading to the muscle wasting, profound weakness, and exercise intolerance frequently observed in complex chronic illnesses
A recent paper published in The Lancet showed that nearly 20% of participants in lifestyle interventions without medications gain weight, around 40% lose between 1-10% of their body weight, and just 13% lose more than 10%
[PubMed: 40005999] Intra-articular Injection for Knee Pain (2021): A retrospective clinical study examined 16 patients who received intra-articular BPC-157 injections for knee pain