Much of the clinical rationale rests on shorter-term pharmacology, mechanism-based reasoning, and accumulated compounding-pharmacy clinical experience rather than gold-standard RCT data
Carnitine also serves a critical buffering function by accepting excess acyl groups that accumulate during periods of high metabolic flux (intense exercise, fasting)
A major extracellular enzyme, GPX3, is also found in the cytoplasm and plasma membranes of the mammalian kidney, epididymis, heart, lung, liver, brain, adipose tissue, mammary gland, and gastrointestinal tract (Nirgude and Choudhary, 2021)
However, those drugs are only FDA-approved to treat type 2 diabetes (along with diet and exercise), not obesity
These are self-injected once a week, usually in the abdomen or thigh, using a pre-filled syringe or auto-injector
Much of the reported 40% lean mass loss with GLP-1 use is coming from the liver, explained exercise physiologist Keith Baar, a professor of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and Physiology and Membrane Biology