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a decrease in sperm motility (due to mitochondria damage resulting in a reduction in ATP [energy], and damage to the tail a decrease in sperm viability (how long they remain alive) an increase in mid-piece morphology defects (comprised of mostly mitochondria) deleterious effects on sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction (aka sperms ability to fertilize the egg) increased sperm DNA damage and apoptosis (cell death) And could contribute to possible birth defects It should be noted that almost all human ejaculate contains reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily produced from the above-mentioned lifestyle and environmental factors ( consumption of sugars and oxidized vegetable oils, smoking, alcohol, exposure to environmental toxins, high or chronic emotional stress, circadian rhythm dysregulation (poor sleep), lack of exercise, infections, and a lack of antioxidant intake ), as well as from abnormally shaped sperm present (meaning, if there is a high % of abnormally shaped sperm, or poor morphology, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be present, and these days, most sperm samples contain a large % of abnormally shaped sperm)
doi:10.1111/dom.12585
Secretory IgA (sIgA) measured in stool assesses the gut immune barrier
Barger SW, Goodwin ME, Porter MM, Beggs ML
Stimulation of collagen synthesis by the tripeptide copper complex GHK-Cu Hostynek JJ, et al
Clinical studies showed patients using CONTRAVE with diet and exercise achieved significantly greater weight loss than diet and exercise alone, and results were sustained over one year
