However, notably, TMAO also exerts protective effects by activating the Nrf2 pathway, promoting Nrf2 dissociation from Keap1 and nuclear translocation, thereby inducing antioxidant genes (HO-1, NQO1, CAT) to reduce ROS accumulation and restore antioxidant enzyme activityunderscoring Nrf2s dual regulatory role in oxidative stress (Zou et al., 2024)
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Taking it away from dietary proteins prevents the glutathione tripeptide from competing with other amino acids for intestinal transport mechanisms, thereby maximizing its systemic absorption