A small portion of these have been confirmed to alter such responses when consumed at reasonable oral doses in human or animals and are listed below: 7 Cruciferous glucosinolates (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, etc.) 8,9,10 Sulforaphane (concentrated) 11,12 Curcuminoids (turmeric) 13,14 Quercetin 15,16 Resveratrol 17,18 Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC, from watercress) 19,20 Diallyl sulfide (garlic) 21,22 Lipoic acid 23,24 N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) 25,26 Additional Nrf2-Modulating Ingredients The list of natural compounds shown to modulate Nrf2 pathways or ARE-containing genes is too numerous to list in this text, though common ingredients for which the reader might be familiar include all those listed above and also baicalein ( Scutellaria baicalensis ), catechins (tea, cocoa), genistein (soy), carnosol and carnosic acid ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), andrographolide ( Andrographis paniculata ), ginsenoside Rb1 ( Panax ginseng ), schisandrin B ( Schisandra chinensis ), quercetin and related flavonoids, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and diindolylmethane (DIM), hydroxytyrosol ( Olea europaea - olive), Pterostilbene, Xanthohumol ( Humulus lupulus ), berberine, [6]-gingerol ( Zingiber officinale ), vitamin D, and even exercise (though the Nrf2-activation response decreases with aging)

Oral peptidic agents such as oral semaglutide, by contrast, sit below 1 percent bioavailability and require an absorption enhancer as well as a strict fasting and timing protocol to reach relevant plasma levels at all
Other injectable GLP-1s may also be prescribed off-label for weight loss, even though they are FDA-approved for conditions such as type 2 diabetes
10.1161/01.CIR.0000139339.85840.DD
Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2019:6029403
These medications are typically administered subcutaneously in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm