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B12 injections are indicated for patients with documented deficiency, including those with pernicious anaemia, malabsorption disorders, following gastric surgery, or with neurological symptoms suggesting B12 deficiency

Much of the evidence comes from animal studies, cell studies, or early clinical research

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use

For RUO procurement, these sources support the need to record supplier storage guidance and maintain internal laboratory handling records

A consultation replaces the guesswork with a written protocol

More specifically, it interacts with serotonin receptors (5-HT1A/5-HT2), dopamine receptors, GABA balance, and the nitric oxide system