Pickart estimated lethal dose at approximately 22,500 mg for humans (300-fold above effective doses), with animal LD50 studies in mice showing 8 mg per 25g mouse (320 mg/kg, translating to ~22,400 mg for 154 lb human)
Discoloration: Any unusual color change suggests chemical degradation
Glass vials resist chemical interactions better than plastic
Ex-4 inhibits mTOR, an autophagy inhibitor in tumor cells, by downregulating Akt and simultaneously activating AMPK, subsequently attenuating the phosphorylation of its major downstream targets, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e binding protein 1(4E-BP1) and ribosomal s6 kinase 1(S6K1)
These genetic variations disrupt normal functions that occur in cells, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration (Kovacs, 2016)
So, having humility around what you think you know and dont know is very helpful