Other lines of evidence also suggest that GLP-1 may have additional effects other than the well-known acute insulin secretion stimulation
Strowski, M
Clin Pharmacokinet 51:553572 Ricciolini R, Scalibastri M, Kelleher JK, Carminati P, Calvani M, Arduini A (1998) Role of acetyl-l-carnitine in rat brain lipogenesis: implications for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis
these changes included morphological alterations of mitochondria, iron accumulation, and oxidative stress [168]
Tregs take up lactate via MCT1 (encoded by Slc16a1), convert it to pyruvate for entry into the TCA, and generate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) via PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK), which feeds back to promote gluconeogenesis and nucleotide synthesis to support Treg proliferation
Emerging evidence highlights the therapeutic promise of peptides, especially tripeptides, in accelerating tissue repair through diverse mechanisms