butyricum- mediated anti-apoptotic effects may be due to increased SCFA, increased GLP-1 signaling, and the consequent activation of PI3K/Akt pathway ( The physiological roles of the Akt pathway are not limited to cellular apoptosis
Girelli D, Pasino M, Goodnough JB, Nemeth E, Guido M, Castagna A, et al
doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10125 Summary Keywords dopamine, GABA, ghrelin, GLP-1 RA, inflammation, leptin, suicidality Citation Borovcanin MM and Petrovic I (2026) Suicidality as a potential risk and therapeutic target during widespread GLP-1 receptor agonists use: implications of inflammation

Before starting GLP-1 medications: Ensure you've had a recent diabetic eye screening (within the past 12 months) Discuss your retinopathy status with your prescribing clinician If you have known retinopathy, consider ophthalmology review before initiation Understand that gradual dose titration may help avoid very rapid changes in blood glucose, which is a general principle in diabetes management During treatment: Attend all scheduled diabetic eye screening appointments without fail If you have pre-existing retinopathy, your diabetes team may consider more frequent monitoring based on your individual clinical situation Control blood pressure to target levels (below 140/90 mmHg, or below 130/80 mmHg if you have kidney, eye or cerebrovascular damage, if tolerated) [13] Maintain good overall glycaemic control whilst avoiding excessively rapid HbA1c reductions when possible Stop smoking if applicable, as tobacco significantly worsens diabetic eye disease Manage cholesterol levels according to NICE guidance for cardiovascular risk reduction Communicate openly with your healthcare team about any visual symptoms, even if they seem minor

ANCA-associated vasculitis
Research observations often focus on how cells respond to stress, injury signals, and structural disruption when this peptide is present