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Once complexed with Cu(II), the peptide backbone rearranges into a specific square-planar coordination around the copper ion, with donor atoms from the glycine amino terminus, the deprotonated amide nitrogen, the histidine imidazole, and a fourth position (carboxylate or water depending on pH)
doi:10.21037/tau.2019.11.17
Antioxidants are the heroes in this scenario because they come along and donate one of their electrons to the free radicals (also called reactive oxygen species) and stabilize them
The most commonly cited starting protocol in the medical literature and clinical practice involves 250 micrograms administered once daily for acute injury, stepping up to 500 micrograms daily if response is insufficient after one to two weeks
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By sustaining mitochondrial membrane potential, limiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and preserving ATP availability, EE indirectly shifts this balance toward cell survival
