Reported weekly weight-loss differences over placebo were small (in the range of -0.06 to -0.15 kg/week, depending on dose)
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the topicals target surface turnover and pigmentation
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For athletes and body-recomp goals, the signal is promising , but evidence-based protocols require human trials to confirm efficacy, safety, and optimal integration with training/nutrition
(3) F M Ng, J Sun, L Sharma, R Libinaka, et al (2000)