For example, Legionella pneumophila secretes the effector SdhA, which maintains mitochondrial integrity and limits mtDNA leakage, helping the bacterium to avoid immune hyperactivation ( Beyond the cGAS-STING and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways, mtDNA also serves as a ligand for endosomal TLR9, which recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial and mitochondrial DNA (Tripathi et al., 2023)
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NAC is also used as an adjunct treatment for various diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome, male infertility, sleep apnea, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, influenza, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, post-stroke sequelae, diabetic neuropathy, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, as well as a chelator for heavy metals and nanoparticles
Side-by-Side Comparison Dosing Comparison The figures below are community-reported patterns, not dosing instructions
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